HOW DID INTERNET DEVELOP-AN OVERVIEW OF HISTORY

If you’re asking yourself questions about Web development, then you are getting into a pretty tough and deep subject. The World Wild Web, also known as Internet has been evolving for almost 15 years now, and the Web development shows no signs of slowing, quite to the contrary as a matter of fact.

Internet originated back in the late 1980s in Europe and America, roughly at the same time. Software engineer Tim Berners-Lee from a research company named CERN (“Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire”, or the European Council for Nuclear Research in English) and based in Switzerland, is known by many as “the founder of Internet”. But the conception and design of the World Wild Web started over 50 years before that, and there is much more to it than just one scientist elaborating a singular program.

Since the 1950s and the apparition of electronic computers, many researchers and computer experts have been evolved in the Web development. All around the USA and Europe, many scientists have spent years trying to find a way of communicating via those computers. The result of their many bright ideas and ambitious experimentation resulted in the development of what is today known as the World Wild Web.

In America, an ancient version of Internet was efficiently used to communicate via computers. It was called “APRANET”. It worked fine but was far from what we know today with Internet. Europe also had diverse “primitive” electronic communication networks, such as “MINITEL” in France for example.

But it’s only in the mid-1990’s that the Web development provided us with the connection network today known as the Internet. Tim Barners-Lee and CERN specified the main fundamentals of the World Wild Web concept:

1.    HTML: Means HyperText Markup Language. This is the format used to publish documents at the beginning of Web development and is still in use today.

2.    URI: Uniform Resource Identifier. This is a unique address for each document published on the Internet.

3.     HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol. This is a way of retrieving each document hosted on the Internet.

So in 1995, after a long and complicated web development, Internet became officially available to the world. Anyone with a computer, a home phone line and an Internet connection provider could access documents hosted on the World Wild Web network. This was a true revolution around the globe, you could actually be connected to someone thousands of miles away without having to hold up a telephone. And the best thing was you could actually send data through Internet, which was very interesting when compared to the rather long deliveries offered by the postal services.

But Web development did not stop there. Ever since it was launched, numerous IT engineers, web developers, software and program developers and anyone smart enough to understand fully and improve the Internet concept have been endlessly working on continuing Web development.

The connection speeds, the number of devices that can access the Internet and the connection means and methods keep evolving every single day. It seems that Web development will just never stop!

MICROBIAL FUEL CELL AND ITS EVALUATION

Functioning mechanism of microbial fuel cell

Microbial fuel cell is an innovative development that uses microorganisms as a biocatalyst to generate electrical energy from chemical energy. That fuel cell attracted researcher due to it its ability to generate energy from waste materials. It consists of an anode and a cathode that are kept separated by a proton exchange membrane. There are many factors that contribute in its performance including microorganisms, membrane, ionic strength of the solution, electrode, internal and external cell resistance, and electrode spacing. Shahgaldi et al. (2014) prepared the membrane by using Nafion in different combination with the help of high porosity electro nano -fibres. The various characteristics of the membrane and PVDF nano fibers were taken into consideration including morphology, structure, power generated and thermal stability. In addition, they predicted that the presence of the electrospun PVDF nano fibers increased the thermal stability of the membrane (Shahgaldi et al., 2014).

Evaluation of Fuel Cell

An analysis and comparison of different fuel cell facilitate for a specifically offered application that is dependent on several factors. These factors are case-dependent; however, it is possible to organize them into physical  factors including total stack dimension and weight, cell energetic area, complete BoP subsystems, stacks of cells,  and weight and dimension. These are necessary elements when the dimension or weight of fuel cell device is designed restrictions that have to be encountered. That is most typically experienced for transport and mobile applications when the weight or dimension of the fuel cell device having important constraints. Performance aspects consist of the polarization, device performance curves and energy thickness. It is possible to optimize the pile design by limiting the layout criteria to varieties that fall under the top energy density or system efficiency regions. Additionally, the energy thickness contour offers an indicator of the flexibility of the output energy the pile can create. On the other hand, the polarization contour, in combination with the energy density curve, is used to identify optimal function points in regards to power and voltage. Running expenses are a function of stack fuel intake, thermal administration system needs, and efficiency of the power conditioning equipment; in addition to other case-dependent factors. Sturdiness is also a crucial factor in selecting a fuel cell pile for a particular application. This is most revealing for static power generation applications where the fuel cell system is expected to function for a practical amount of time with minimal maintenance demands (Shahgaldi et al., 2014).

Reference

Shahgaldi, S., Ghasemi, M., Wan Daud, W., Yaakob, Z., Sedighi, M., Alam, J., & Ismail, A. (2014). Performance enhancement of microbial fuel cell by PVDF/Nafion nanofibre composite proton exchange membrane. Fuel Processing Technology, 124, 290-295.